There has been a rapid growth in life expectancy during the past twenty years, resulting in increased pressure on personal and public finances. The increasing amount of attention paid on longevity risk and funding for old has created the needs for precise mortality models and accurate future...

Accurate mortality forecasts are of primary interest to insurance companies, pension providers and government welfare systems due to the rapid increase in life expectancy during the past few decades. Existing mortality models in the literature tend to project future mortality rates by extracting...