By considering yearly production growth rates for several manufacturing industries in more than one hundred countries during (roughly) the last forty years, we show that industries that are more dependent on external finance are hit harder during recessions. The observed difference in the...

This article provides evidence on the relation among financial constraints, competition, and the cyclicality of markups. Based on a long series of industry data from a large number of countries, we find that markups increase in conjunction with the business cycle in environments with higher...