We explore a defender's prewar allocation of military resources between denial and punishment strategies for deterrence …"), punishment proportionately raises costs on the aggressor by damaging civilian values ("butter"). Because these countervailing and … capacity relative to the aggressor's. Namely, inferior parties resort only to punishment (e.g., post-Cold War North Korea …

Classical thinkers like Bentham saw deterrence as a dynamic process in which the punishment of violators today helped …

game with Third Party punishment, punishing less as well as tending to punish cooperation (almost as much) as defection …‐criminal population in the same geographical area on the other. We provide experimental evidence on cooperation and response to sanctions … by running Prisoner's Dilemma and Third Party Punishment games on three different pools of subjects; students, 'Ordinary …

evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when …