The Kyoto Protocol's success or failure should be evaluated against the unobserved counterfactual of no treatment. This requires instrumental variables. We find that countries' membership in the International Criminal Court (ICC) predicts Kyoto ratification in a panel model. Both multilateral...

The CDM has promoted GHG reduction activities in developing countries. There is, however, a controversial issue of an unequal distribution of CDM benefits among developing nations. To date, some emerging economies have been receiving the majority of CERs while most LDCs have few of them. This...

The CDM seems to play a significant role in international GHG reduction activities. Yet, a few emerging countries have hosted majority of CDM projects whereas most LDCs have not hosted CDM projects at all. Given the current distributional imbalance, this study aims to identify determinants of...

This paper compares the level of uncertainty widely reported in climate change scientific publications with the level of uncertainty of the costs estimates of implementing the Kyoto Protocol in the United States. It argues that these two categories of uncertainties were used and ignored,...

This paper compares the level of uncertainty widely reported in climate change scientific publications with the level of uncertainty of the costs estimates of implementing the Kyoto Protocol in the United States. It argues that these two categories of uncertainties were used and ignored,...

Este trabajo utiliza un modelo de frontera de producción estocástica para analizar la eficiencia de la industria española en el uso de inputs energéticos. Para ello, utilizamos las funciones de demanda condicionadas como el estándar de eficiencia en la utilización de electricidad, gas y...

This paper presents a theoretical model to allocate emission responsibility between producers or consumers and estimates: (1) the carbon dioxide (CO<SUB align="right"><SMALL>2</SMALL></SUB>) emissions embodied in the bi-lateral trade of manufactured products between Italy and China from 1997 to 2003 and (2) the CO<SUB align="right"><SMALL>2</SMALL></SUB> emissions avoided...</small></sub></small></sub>