Traditional farmer cooperatives, new generation farmer cooperatives, and investor-owned firms (IOFs), are compared regarding their value added and value added rate in terms of product marketing. The results of the analysis regarding the pear supply chain in Zhejiang province in China indicate...

This paper examines how farmers producing differentiated quality products choose different governance structures in a non-cooperative game between farmers, enterprises, and consumers. A cooperative and an IOF (investor owned firm) coexist in equilibrium and low quality is delivered by the...

Studies on avoidance behaviors in response to air pollution, particularly for low-income groups in developing countries, are relatively sparse. This study attempted to analyze the link between air pollution and farmer labor supply in China and further examined the labor relocation effect. The...