We propose that outcome utility and process utility can be distinguished and empirically measured. People gain … procedural utility from participating in the political decision-making process itself, irrespective of the outcome. Nationals … enjoy both outcome and process utility, while foreigners are excluded from political decision-making and therefore cannot …

The empirical relation between happiness and religiosity is considered from the perspective of basic utility theory. An … function, which itself is held to be a proxy for the utility function. We find that the same level of happiness can be …

economic presumption of concave utility rather than Machiavelli's prescript of inflicting all injuries at once. Yet …