Background: The supplier selection process (SSP) has grown as a crucial mechanism in organizations' supply chain management (SCM) strategies and as a foundation for continuously gaining a competitive advantage. The concept of the circular economy has garnered significant interest due to its...

Today the market is moving toward multiformity, and it requires a variety in products, which in turn generates variation in demand that gives rise to many managerial problems such as planning, forecasting, production, inventory management, and timely distribution. To minimize the level of risk...