The importance of considering forward and backward flows simultaneously in supply chain networks spurs an interest to develop closed-loop supply chain networks (CLSCN). Due to the expanded scope in the supply chain, designing CLSCN often faces significant uncertainties. This paper proposes a...

Part I: Sources of uncertainty, risk, and imprecision -- Sources of Uncertainty in Location Analysis -- Risk, hazard and exposure time in Hazmat Location and Routing -- Customer related uncertainties in Facility Location Problems -- Part II: Models that protect against acts of nature, attackers,...