We consider a firm (e.g., retailer) selling a single nonperishable product over a finite-period planning horizon. Demand in each period is stochastic and price-dependent, and unsatisfied demands are backlogged. At the beginning of each period, the firm determines its selling price and inventory...

Frequently, manufacturers experience supply disruptions due to supplier bankruptcies. Manufacturers can increase supplier reliability by providing suppliers subsidies in excess of suppliers' production costs. We examine the optimal subsidy decisions of manufacturers in four supply chain...