Inventory costs are the major costs in production costs, so in order to gain global competitive advantage and to obtain a stable position in the market for one's product, one needs to reduce the inventory in the entire supply chain rather than optimizing at a single location. This study focuses...

The inventory planning problem was first addressed with assumptions of a single echelon and a single non-perishable product with deterministic independent demand without any constraints; but now, the research has shifted to a multi-echelon supply chain inventory planning with many constraints...

Product substitution refers to the use of product configuration Y to satisfy the demand for product configuration X when there is a stock-out for product configuration X in a multi-product configuration environment. Both product configuration X and Y are from the same product family where...