Airfreight forwarders design shipment plans to ensure that client shipments are delivered on time and at a low cost. Reliability of a shipment—the probability of delivering a shipment on time—is a critical consideration in shipment planning. We propose a three-phase decision scheme for...

The initial rise of global supply chains is contributed by the “intermediate goods”, which accounts for 30-60% of the exports of G20 countries (The Economist, 2014). Given that many of these imported parts are either of high value or involved in just-in-time (JIT) production and service...