Given potential growth in outdoor rock climbing and its concentration on public lands, the management of climbing access in wilderness areas is an issue of considerable national controversy in the United States. A proposed rule change by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) would prohibit the use of...

Substantive income effects are incorporated in a logit or nested-logit model by assuming that utility is a piece-wise linear spline function of residual income. Specific income data are not required, only income by category. Expected compensating variation is easily and accurately approximated...

An exact formula for the expected compensating variation is derived for logit and nested-logit models with income effects. Intuition, examples, and an application are provided. The appendix contains a formal proof. The formula is applied to estimate the E[cv]s salmon anglers in Maine would...