Austria is an interesting economy due to its strong industrial relations with institutionalized collective bargaining over wage negotiations and working conditions. Currently, Austria’s GDP per capita is high, but unemployment, although comparably low on an international scale, is not...

We use data on Austrian firms and employees to estimate the effects of employer-provided training on productivity, wages, and the inequality of wages within firms. While the average amount spent on employer-provided training is low in general, we find a robust positive elasticity of training on...

This study analyzes earnings volatility in Austria from 1980 to 2018, providing a comprehensive view of individual income instability and its demographic and structural determinants. Using administrative data, we examine volatility trends by gender, age, earnings deciles, and employment...

We explore the impact of mentoring of females and gender segregation on wages using alarge longitudinal data set for Portugal. Female managers can protect and mentor femaleemployees by paying them higher wages than male-led firms would do...