The level of violence in the National Hockey League (NHL) reached its highest point in 1987 and has reduced somewhat since then, although to levels much larger than before the first team expansions in 1967. Using publicly available information from several databases 1996-2007, the incentives for...

We investigate the relationship between consumer discrimination, racial matching strategies, andemployer discrimination in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 to 2016. To this end, we assess the extent to which both fan attendance and team performance respond to changes in teams’ and their...

Much of the literature on gender inequality in sport is devoted to media bias and conceptualizations of masculinity and femininity. In comparison, there is a paucity of empirical research on the sex pay gap. Our case study uses publically accessible data for professional tennis players ranked in...

This paper estimates the association between salary dispersion and the probability that an NBA team leading two minutes before the end of a playoff game won the game. Economic theory indicates the a priori relationship is ambiguous and the existing empirical literature finds mixed results as to...

This study re-examines the racial salary gap of National Basketball Association players by constructing a long unbalanced panel covering the 1985-1986 to 2015-2016 seasons. Contrary to the results of previous studies, we find that non-white players are paid equally to white players with similar...

The traditional Becker/Arrow style model of discrimination depicts majority and minority and workers as perfectly substitutable inputs, implying that all workers have the same job assignment. The model is only appropriate for determining whether pay differences between, for example, whites and...

Among the popular conversation topics for Canadians, few evoke emotions as strong as hockey and defending one's favorite team. Despite its prevalence, there remains little conclusive proof to settle many of the common debates between fans. One of the most popular and divisive issues in the...