This paper studies to what extent gender differences in commuting patterns explain the observed disparities between … husband and wife in relation to earnings and wages. It is argued that the cost of commuting is higher for women because they … differences in commuting patterns. A conditional Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition indicates that short commutes are strongly …

This paper investigates the gender gap in commuting by differentiating between the place of residence and work in urban … evidence for a triple gap in commuting to the disadvantage of women. Apart from the overall gap, the regional disaggregation … uncovers a further gap among workers commuting between rather than within regions, with the highest gap among commuters between …