This chapter surveys policy instruments aiming at reducing carbon emissions from road transport. We present the basic economic framework used to evaluate environmental policy instruments and discuss the challenges and limitations it faces, which are important enough to justify departures from...

It has been proposed that lower NOx emission fuels such as ethanol can mitigate air pollution from vehicles burning oil-based hydrocarbons. Yet, existing modeling and laboratory studies, even those seeking to simulate the same environment, vary in their predictions of how gasoline/ethanol blends...

We examine four discontinuities in the ethanol content in blended gasoline fuel, mandated by Brazil's central government over the period 2010 to 2013, to test the joint hypotheses that (1) atmospheric ozone production in the São Paulo metropolitan area is limited by the volume and reactivity of...

The empirical literature points to a stylized phenomenon of increased demand for hope following adversity. Clotfelter and Cook (1989) suggest that hope is a key sentiment underpinning recreational gambling. Chew and Ho (1994) offer the view of hope being experienced in lottery products when...

We examine day-to-day fluctuations in worker-level output over 15 months for a panel of 98 manufacturing workers at a plant located in an industrial city in Hebei province, north China. Long-term workers earn piece-rate wages, with no base pay or minimum pay, for homogeneous tasks performed over...

Little is known about how children of high-income expatriate families, often from rich nations, adapt to temporary residence in a severely polluted city of the developing world. We use a six-year panel of 6,500 students at three international schools in a major city in north China to estimate...