Argues that hierarchical level is frequently not given enough consideration in analysing managerial jobs. Describes the qualitative differences existing at the various hierarchical levels in terms of time‐span, task complexity, and mental capabilities required. Specifically argues that the...

Deals with the manager and the organization from the point of view of personal counselling of managers. Sharpens the different perspectives from which organizational counsellors may view the work of counselling, perspectives that are apt to lead to conflicts of perception between helping the...

We know a great deal today about the impact of transformational leaders, their actions, typical behaviors and their ways of influencing others (Bass, 1985, 1999a, b; Bass & Avolio, 1990). However, we know relatively little about the psychological substructure, the internal world of these leaders,...