A use-or-lose provision requires firms to employ a certain minimum fraction of their productive capacity. Variants have been used by regulators in the airline, natural gas transmission, and electric power industries, among others. The primary objective of these provisions is to limit capacity...

This paper examines the welfare effects of third degree price discrimination by an intermediate good monopolist selling to downstream firms with bargaining power. One of the downstream firms (the "chain store") may have a greater ability than rivals to integrate backward into the supply of the...

Defending a challenged merger on the basis of synergies requires an analysis of the likely pass through to consumers of associated marginal cost reductions. This paper explores the nature and extent of that pass though with differentiated consumer products. Pass-through rates are shown to depend...