An investment is a commitment of funds made in the expectation of some positive rate of return. A fundamental principle of investments is diversification, where investors diversify their investments into different types of financial assets. The different stocks can be clubbed in one portfolio....

Sovereign states issue fixed and floating securities to fund their public debt. The value of such portfolios strongly depends on the fluctuations of the term structure of interest rates. This is a typical example of planning under uncertainty, where decisions has to be drawn on the base of the...