We study optimal contracts when R\&D is outsourced to another company. We find that, when a realistic assumption holds, the optimal contract always leads in equilibrium to the lowest acceptable chance of having a successful technical innovation, given announced compensations. This assumption is...

We scrutinize the conceptual framework commonly used in the incomplete contract literature. This literature usually assumes that contractual incompleteness is due to the transaction costs of describing - or of even foreseeing - the possible states of nature in advance. We argue, however, that...

We propose a multi-stage stochastic trading cost model in optimal portfolio selection. This strategy captures uncertainty in implicit transaction costs incurred by an investor during initial trading and in subsequent rebalancing of the portfolio. We assume that implicit costs are stochastic as...