This article investigates economic and operational effects of introducing autonomous vessels to liner shipping networks. By the formulation of optimization models, we analyze how fleet configurations with vessels of different capacity affect the cost and service level of liner shipping networks...

Effective liner shipping is important for the global seaborne trade. The volume of cargoes transported by liner shipping has been increasing over the past decades. Liner shipping companies face three levels of decision problems, including strategic, tactical, and operational problems. The...