The accurate forecasting of short-term load for urban gas is the premise of gas supply sales, pipe network planning … (FFOA), simulated annealing algorithm (SA), cross factor (CF) and support vector machine (SVM) to forecast the short … the results with the other four forecasting methods such as back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and autoregressive …

gradient-based learning. However, the possible inclusion of non-optimal weight and bias due to random selection and the need …). ELCRO simultaneously optimizes the weight and bias vector and number of hidden neurons of a single layer feed-forward neural … proposed model. Hence, this model can be used as a promising tool for financial forecasting. …