We construct a simple measure to quantify the level of market efficiency. We apply this measure to investigate the level of market efficiency and analyze its variation over time. The main contribution of the new measure is that it makes it easy to compare market efficiency across assets, time,...

How sensitive is Earth's climate to a given increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations? This long-standing and fundamental question in climate science was recently analyzed by dynamic panel data methods using extensive spatiotemporal data of global surface temperatures, solar...