Many researchers seem to be unsure about how to specify formative measurement models in software programs like LISREL or AMOS and to establish identification of the corresponding structural equation model. In order to make identification easier, a new, mainly graphically-oriented approach is...

Comparing groups with respect to hypothetical constructs requires that the measurement models are equal across groups. Otherwise conclusions drawn from the observed indicators regarding differences at the latent level (mean differences, differences in the structural relations) might be severly...

Purpose – To clarify the nature of the error term in formative measurement models, as it had been misinterpreted in prior research. Design/methodology/approach – The error term in formative measurement models is analytically contrasted with the measurement errors typically found in...