Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), which are legal tenders in digital form, are expected to reduce currency issuance and circulation costs and broaden the scope of monetary policy. In addition, these currencies may also reduce consumers' need for conventional demand deposits, which, in...

This paper examines cross-country heterogeneity and time-variability in the effects of unconventional monetary policies (UMPs) in advanced economies (AEs) on portfolio inflows to emerging economies (EMEs), with a panel smooth transition regression model. The drivers of the two dimensional...