This paper shows that, in a pure currency economy with heterogeneous agents and multiple commodities, a pecuniary externality plays a key role in making the equilibrium allocation constrained inefficient. Monetary policy intervention can help improve matters

Macroeconomic Theory and History -- Basic Macroeconomic Model -- Exogenous and Endogenous Fluctuations -- Exogenous and Endogenous Growth -- Asset Prices and Bubbles -- Credit Cycle -- Cash Payment and Inflation -- Complete and Incomplete Markets -- Liquidity Constraints -- Endogenously...

This paper studies banks' liquidity provision in the Lagos and Wright model of monetary exchanges. With aggregate uncertainty we show that banks sometimes exhaust their cash reserves and fail to satisfy their depositors' need of consumption smoothing. The banking panics can be eliminated by the...

This paper studies the role of a lender of last resort (LLR) in a monetary model where a shortage of a bank’s monetary reserves (a liquidity crisis) occurs endogenously. We show that discount window lending by the LLR is welfare-improving but reduces banks’ ex-ante incentive to hold monetary...