Monetary policy regimes encompass the constraints or limits imposed by custom, institutions and nature on the ability of the monetary authorities to influence the evolution of macroeconomic aggregates. This chapter surveys the historical experience of both international and domestic (national)...

We examine three main channels through which U.S. monetary policy shocks affect firm investment in foreign countries: (1) the balance sheet channel; (2) the financial channel of the exchange rate; and (3) the trade channel. For this purpose, we use quarterly firm-level data for 63 advanced...

The marked turnaround in Russia's foreign trade in 2023 exerted strong downward pressure on the Russian rouble, which lost around 30% of its value. Global oil prices were declining in the first half of the year, the EU import embargo on Russian oil depressed prices even further; and on top of...

This paper presents an empirical model to study the response of wages and prices to movements in the nominal exchange rate. A four-equation model is applied to Italian data to evaluate the response of tradeable goods prices, consumer prices, and wages following the lira`s exit from the ERM in...

By combining industry-level data on output and prices with monetary policy rates for a panel of 88 countries, this paper analyzes how the effects of monetary policy vary with certain industry characteristics. Next to being interesting in their own right, our results are informative on the...

Saudi Arabia is a fiscally dominant open economy. The exchange rate anchor provides the long -term framework for monetary policy. There is only limited scope to diverge from US interest rates but SAMA retains flexibility in deploying prudential guidelines, adjusting reserve requirements and...

This paper explores empirically the relationship between the Monetary Policy in the U.S. and the real exchange rate MXN/USD over the period 1996-2012 with monthly data. We consider a cointegration approach using a model of real exchange rate fundamentals as in Goldfajn and Valdes (1999), where...

As the Chinese economy becomes more open and the authorities scrapped the peg to the U.S. dollar in July 2005, exchange rate movements start to influence the price inflation in China in a significant way. This paper estimates a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model to investigate the...

We obtain the following results. (ii) Both supply and demand shocks are important sources of fluctuations; supply prevails for GDP, while demand prevails for employment and information. (ii) Policy matters: Both monetary and fiscal policy shocks have sizeable effects on output and prices, with...