Changes in formal and informal central bank independence (CBI) in France, Italy and the UK in the period from the mid-1970s to the 1990s are examined; the major changes occurred in the 1990s, after the disinflations of the 1980s. Broad trends in the informal independence of central banks, defined...

This paper shows that, in a pure currency economy with heterogeneous agents and multiple commodities, a pecuniary externality plays a key role in making the equilibrium allocation constrained inefficient. Monetary policy intervention can help improve matters

This article investigates the reaction of the Federal Reserve to developments in the stock market. The issue is analysed by first constructing an Index of Stock Price Misalignment (ISPM) in which the fundamental value of the stocks is computed on the basis of the discounted cash flow approach...