We revisit the sources of the bias in Federal Reserve forecasts and assess whether a precautionary motive can explain the forecast bias. In contrast to the existing literature, we use forecasts submitted by individual FOMC members to uncover members' implicit loss function. Our key finding is...

This paper uses recently released official data on the foreign exchange market interventions of the Bank of Japan (BoJ) in the yen/U.S. dollar market during the period 1991-2001 in order to examine the motivation for the intervention policy of the BoJ. We also compare the intervention policy of...