Although the leaf-thin bracteates are the most fragile coins in monetary history, they were the main coin type for … monetary taxation policy. Medieval coins were frequently withdrawn by the coin issuer and re-minted, where people had to pay an …

coins. We describe the development of a sophisticated monetary system (bureaucracy) in medieval France. In the monitoring … scheme employed by the crown, fines were levied against private mint masters when coins did not meet the standards. Yet … encouraged the mint masters to produce low quality coins in such a way that the crown earned rents and we measure these rents …

Commemorative coins made for circulation, in addition to their numismatic function, may affect monetary stability, if … coins may combine these functions to bring about some other effects in their broader interest. The author attempted to prove … the above on the example of contemporary Croatian commemorative coins, whose introduction is being proposed …