This chapter considers the opportunities and challenges for an effective ‘Green New Deal’ (GND), with a focus on the U.S. and Europe. We begin by reviewing the intellectual history of the GND and consider how the recent shifts in macroeconomic policy following the Covid-19 pandemic might...

The academic and policy debate regarding the role of central banks and financial regulators in addressing climate-related financial risks has rapidly expanded in recent years. This Perspective presents the key controversies and discusses potential research and policy avenues for the future....

The climate and biodiversity emergencies require structural economic shifts that will necessitate strategic coordination between macroeconomic policy authorities. The Covid-19 episode saw the implementation of monetary-fiscal policy coordination not seen since the 1970s to avert catastrophic...

Historically high levels of private and public debt coupled with already very low short-term interest rates appear to limit the options for stimulative monetary policy in many advanced economies today. One option that has not yet been considered is monetary financing by central banks to boost...