This paper presents an alternative approach that locates the origin of money in credit and debt relations, with the unit of account emphasized as the numeraire in which credits and debts are measured. This approach de-emphasizes the medium of exchange function and the market; indeed, credits and...

make several claims about the inadequacy and fallacy of modern money theory (MMT) and conclude that MMT is nothing more than a political manifesto; there is no theoretical and empirical foundation beneath it. The present paper addresses this last point by focusing on the fiscal and monetary...