Highlights:• State-of-art review of vine copulas and stationary vine copulas.• Two types of vine copula models to capture cross-sectional and temporal dependence in ESG data.• Extreme ESG classes (i.e., classes A and D) show the highest and nonGaussian dependence to the market.• Future...

Climate change and sustainability have become societal focal points in the last decade. Consequently, companies have been increasingly characterized by non-financial information, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores, based on which companies can be grouped into ESG classes....

While environmental, social, and governance (ESG) trading activity has been a distinctive feature of financial markets, the debate if ESG scores can also convey information regarding a company's riskiness remains open. Regulatory authorities, such as the European Banking Authority (EBA), have...

Modeling dependence among operational loss frequencies is a natural way of trying to capture possible relationships between losses, which are categorized differently with respect to the business line or the event type, but which have occurred simultaneously.We propose a model that explicitly...