With global specialization and trade, countries make directly but also indirectly use of the environment via traded goods. Based on the theory of comparative advantages, the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek approach, we are using the Ecological Footprint as a broad measure of environmental use because its...

This essay offers an alternative way to look at macroeconomics. The current standard approach uses aggregate supply and aggregate demand (AS-AD). I call the alternative approach patterns of sustainable specialization and trade (PSST). The PSST approach combines many old and new strands in...

Trade and investment can be effective means of implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. However, stand-alone trade and investment liberalization policies aimed at enhancing economic development may have negative side-effects on non-economic facets of sustainable development. As...