Once stolid, strictly regulated organizations that epitomized lifetime employment, retail banks are now highly … competitive enterprises with fragmented career structures and a new focus on sales and performance. Because banks are a major … selected banks in Australia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, and the United States …

for their external funds. In this environment banks have incentives to either monitor or actually manage firms depending …

Dutch banks were put under heavy strains early in the global downturn and have comparatively weak financial buffers to … adverse shocks. Banks are very large relative to the size of the domestic economy, have sizeable cross-border exposures and … taxpayer and the regulator’s tools available to reduce risks should be expanded. In particular, banks should set aside …

alternatives to bank lending options for SME finance is important but will take time. Restructuring banks’ balance sheets is …