Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a specialized class of deep neural networks tailored for processing high-dimensional data, excelling in tasks like image classification, object detection, and facial recognition. Their architecture is built on convolutional layers interspersed with...

In this paper a systematic introduction to computational neural network models is given in order to help spatial analysts learn about this exciting new field. The power of computational neural networks viz-à-viz conventional modelling is illustrated for an application field with noisy data of...

Parameter estimation is one of the central issues in neural spatial interaction modelling. Current practice is dominated by gradient based local minimization techniques. They find local minima efficiently and work best in unimodal minimization problems, but can get trapped in multimodal...