Forest certification is a process through which transnational networks of diverse actors define and enforce standards for the management of forests around the world. Important forest certification programs currently include the Forest Stewardship Council, the Pan-European Forest Certification...

This article argues that the 1990s brought two major shifts in institutional authority to make and implement environmental policy. The first was the rise of numerous local, often watershed-based, multi-interest organizations that undertook continuing responsibility to make arrangements for...