In the first paper we extended the van der Waals square gradient model for the equilibrium liquid–vapor interface to nonequilibrium systems. Both the density and the temperature depended on position and time. Heat transport and evaporation and condensation through the interface were described....

According to the common rules of classical nonequilibrium thermodynamics an Onsager coefficient like the viscosity is not allowed to depend on the shear rate. Such a dependence is experimentally well documented, however. In this paper it is shown, using nonequilibrium thermodynamics and the...

In a first paper we extended the van der Waals square gradient model for the equilibrium liquid–vapor interface to nonequilibrium systems, in which both the density and the temperature depend on position and time. In this paper, we defined and calculated the excess densities for an arbitrary...

The van der Waals square gradient model has played an important role in the description of the properties of an equilibrium interface between a vapor and a liquid. We extend the model to describe nonequilibrium states with temperature gradients, pressure differences and the resulting evaporation...