We propose a doubly subordinated Lévy process, the normal double inverse Gaussian (NDIG), to model the time series properties of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. By using two subordinated processes, NDIG captures both the skew and fat-tailed properties of, as well as the intrinsic time driving,...

A fast method is developed for value at risk and expected shortfall prediction for univariate asset return time series exhibiting leptokurtosis, asymmetry, and conditional heteroskedasticity. It is based on a GARCH-type process driven by noncentral t innovations. While the method involves use of...

Financial markets embed expectations of central bank policy into asset prices. This paper compares two approaches that extract a probability density of market beliefs. The first is a simulated moments estimator for option volatilities described in Mizrach (2002); the second is a new approach...