In this article, the Universal Approximation Theorem of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is applied to the SABR stochastic volatility model in order to construct highly efficient representations. Initially, the SABR approximation of Hagan et al. [2002] is considered, then a more accurate...

This article, which is primarily didactic in nature, provides basic intuition on asset pricing and risk-neutral valuation with a specific focus on residential real estate. I look into the pricing of physical real estate and two variations of derivative. I derive some specific valuation formulas...

Employee stock option schemes have become increasingly prevalent over the past decade or so. This situation may, or may not, change due to recent accounting regulation that demands that stock options be expensed - quite simply because expensing reduces earnings. This must impact on the incentive...

We investigate three facets of cross-sectional variation in the risk of stock price crashes: actual crash incidence, and two predictors of that risk, accounting opacity and the option smirk curve. We show that all three of these variables are related. Option smirks and accounting opacity each...

The recent financial crisis has stimulated a renewed interest in understanding the determinants of stock price crash risk (i.e., left tail risk). Recent research shows that opaque financial reports enable managers to hide and accumulate bad news for extended periods. When the accumulated bad...

Executive stock options (ESOs) are widely used to reward employees and represent major items of corporate liability. The International Accounting Standards Board IFRS9 financial reporting standard which came into full effect on 1-Jan 2018, along with its Australian implementation AASB9, requires...

Real options investment theory predicts current investment falls asuncertainty about market returns increases. In the case of R&D investment,which is usually considered an irreversible form of investment, this effectshould be quite pronounced. This paper tests the real options predictionabout...

Breakthroughs and backlashes have marked progress in the development and diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI). These shocks make the investment in developing an Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) subject to considerable uncertainty. This paper applies a real options model, extended to...

We introduce an innovative market-based mechanism that may be used to advance environmental goals. Our mechanism employs option theory to give established businesses a financial stake in the success of green technologies. We show why and how green companies should be given an option to transfer...

We examine unexplored factors that affect the ex-post adoption rates of newly listed stock options. We show that a variety of measures of information asymmetries concerning underlying stocks predict option adoption rates. These predictive relationships are robust after including factors that...