In this article, we test the put –call parity formula on a 3 – month OMX Stockholm 30 index option contract to show any evidence of arbitrage. The purpose of arbitrage is to buy the underpriced contract and sell the overpriced contract to record an arbitrage profit. We will illustrate...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a 3 – month Lundbeck call option contract using the Brownian motion. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain this deviation. The Black...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a on a 6 – month EUR/USD call currency option contract using the ratio of strike and share price. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a on a 6 – month EUR/USD call currency option contract using a random standard normal variable. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a 3 – month Danske bank call option contract using the option delta. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain this deviation. The Black...

Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic models (ARCH), and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic models, (GARCH) take into account the non-linearity that arises in the financial time series. Well known anomalies such as the calendar effects, January effect and seasonality's...

We analyze the implied volatility on a call Nordea option contract with one and two period binomial tree model. We found that the call Nordea option contract is overpriced in the two period binomial tree models than the one period binomial model. The call Nordea option contract show high...

In this article, we test performance persistence and measure the historical, the implied volatility, the credit spread volatility and the value at risk,VaR, of the credit derivatives swaptions contracts. We examine contracts of US leveraged loans, mortgage backed securities, high grade corporate...

In this article, we examine performance persistence and the implied volatility smile of the commodity options contracts. We examine contracts of wheat, corn, live cattle, soybean oil, and lean hog. Hedge funds use options and futures in terms of commodities to hedge market risk. We compare the...

We analyze the gamma effect on a call Nordea option delta and how a hedge position is achieved. There is significant time variation in the gamma effect on a call Nordea option delta and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain this deviation. The Black – Scholes model is used to...