This article addresses the promotion of democracy in the enlargement process of the Central and Eastern European countries. We start by outlining EU democracy promotion during accession, with a particular focus on political conditionality. In a subsequent part we argue that the European...

The Union's noncompliance with any of the standards of gay rights protection it had at its disposal in 1997, when the pre-accession Regular Reporting of the East European applicants for membership commenced, did not prevent it from promoting gay rights protection as a necessary pre-accession...

The paper explores the effectiveness of the application of the pre-accession principle of conditionality during the preparation of the fifth enlargement of the European Union, concluding that while the system of the Copenhagen-related documents devised in the course of the pre-accession could be...