This paper develops a theoretical model to study features of the spontaneous growth of private enterprises in China's Zhejiang province. The model predicts that in a developing economy where the market environment is immature or unstable, the ownership structure of a typical private enterprise...

Studying a sample of Japanese firms, we examine whether foreign investors exert a significant influence on earnings management through manipulation of real activities. We find that foreign investors play an independent role in restraining real earnings management, as captured by abnormal cash...