We construct a novel data set to show that, between 2003-2020, up to one-fifth of America’s largest firms had a non-financial blockholder or insider as their largest shareholder. Blockholders and insiders tend to be less diversified than institutional investors. Measures of “universal” and...

The post-Enron era is marked with growing discourse of stakeholders, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Commentators debate whether U.S. corporations have indeed moved towards a stakeholder orientation, given the difficulties in measuring such a shift. We assess this...