Having an exchange rate close to its equilibrium is critical for foreign investors and policymakers during times of macroeconomic instability. This study measures the real exchange rate (RER) misalignment in eight Pakistani manufacturing industries from January 2002 to June 2020. The ARDL...

Theft and corruption are common in electricity distribution systems worldwide. Electricity theft is analysed in the framework of an individual’s choice under uncertainty and through a three-layered principal-agent-client model of corruption. [PIDE Working Papers 2013: 92]....

The paper empirically investigates the effects of various economic, legal, meteorological and technical factors in explaining the theft from electric utilities in Pakistan. We obtained elasticity of electricity theft with respect to different variables mentioned. Panel data from nine utilities...