This paper develops a simple panel unit-root test that accommodates cross-sectional dependence among variables and smooth structural changes in deterministic components. The proposed test is the simple average of the individual statistics constructed from the breaks and cross-sectional...

This paper proposes a new simple panel unit-root test by extending the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit-root test (CIPS) developed by Pesaran et al. (2013) to allow for smoothing structural changes in deterministic terms, approximated by a Fourier series. The proposed statistic is the...