The gravity equation model is a workhorse tool that has been used many times in international trade. However, one philosophical and empirical question that arises when this theory is applied in this ?eld is what is the relevant measure of distance. This question is easily solved in physics,...

This paper raises concerns about the econometric approach used in the literature to estimate credit unions’ production technologies. We show that the existing studies did not recognize heterogeneity amongst credit unions’ technologies as captured by (endogenously selected) differing output...