Purpose -The purpose of this article is based on the unit patent license fee model in the closed-loop supply chain. Design/methodology/approach - This paper analyzes the impact of the bundling strategy of the retailer selling new products and remanufactured products on the closed-loop supply...

This paper empirically examines the impact of public development finance on firm innovation using loan data from public development finance institutions. The findings reveal that an increase in the size of loans from these institutions significantly enhances firm R&D investments and outputs,...