This article describes the processes involving the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s (PTO’s) implementation of administrative patent levers related to business methods. Administrative patent levers are conceptualized in this article as rules that represent a coordinated policy at...

This paper conceptualizes four patent rights stakeholders. These groupings are developed by integrating pre-existing management literature concerning intellectual property appropriability and law and economics literature concerning property rights. The governance mechanisms available to the four...