In Penna's model for biological ageing we reduce after equilibration the influence of acquired diseases and get, similar to reality, the observed increase of the Gompertz slope for the human mortality curves.

Within the Penna model of biological ageing, we show that longevity is heritable, for both sexual and asexual reproduction.

The death of a biological population is an extreme event which we investigate here for a host–parasitoid system. Our simulations using the Penna ageing model show how biological evolution can “teach” the parasitoids to avoid extinction by waiting for the right age of the host. We also show...

Simulations of sexual reproduction based on the Redfield model may give sexual reproduction an advantage over asexual one, even if the male mutation rate is much higher than the female one, and if males do not get pregnant. In more realistic simulations based on the Penna model, sex helps...